Moscow has even considered asking Kazakhstan to run some of its domestic flight connections.
If Russian economy slips into recession a consequent fall in migrant remittances would particularly hit Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.
Road expansion, mass parking turn Tashkent into a “real frying pan”. Liveability under threat.
Erdogan builds Turkic ties, loses patience with Turkmen critics.
Moscow now playing second fiddle to Beijing across the ex-Soviet space.
Imperial attitudes undermine ambitions for expanded influence.
Concerns that the jihadist group is operating near borders with Central Asia “helped shift Russia’s strategic calculus”.